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Calama was a colonia in the Roman province of Numidia situated where Guelma in Algeria now stands.〔(Map of Roman roads in Mauretania )〕 G. Mokhtar places it just within the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, to the east of Numidia,〔(G. Mokhtar, ''General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1981 ISBN 978-92-3101708-7), pp. 470–471 ) and (Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār, G. Mokhtar, abridged edition published by James Currey 1990 ISBN 978-0-85255092-2, pp. 264–265 )〕 but it is generally believed to have been in Numidia,〔(J.B. Bury, ''History of the Later Roman Empire'', chapter XVII, §3 )〕〔(William Smith, ''A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Latin Biography, Mythology and Geography'', p. 161 )〕〔(Roma Victrix: Mauretania – Numidia – Africa – Cyrenaica et Creta – Aegyptus )〕〔(Map of Donatist North Africa )〕 a province created probably in 198–199.〔 ==History== The city was founded by the Phoenicians and called Malaca, a word meaning "salt" that lies at the root also of the name of the city of Málaga in Spain.〔(Associazione Storico-Culturale S. Agostino, "Calama" )〕 It was situated in Numidia and, when this area came under Roman rule, the city was renamed Calama. Whether Calama is identical with the town of Suthul which the Roman propraetor Aulus Postumius Albinus Magnus unsuccessfully tried to take in 110 BC,〔(Sallust ''Bellum Iuguthinum'', 37 )〕 (cf. Battle of Suthul) is disputed, with some denying〔(Werner Huß "Suthul" in ''Brill's New Pauly'' )〕 and others cautiously affirming.〔(Sophrone Pétridès, "Calama" in ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1908) )〕〔(''The United Service Journal'', Part 1 (H. Colburn, 1839), p. 35 )〕 In the 1st century AD, Calama, then part of the Roman province of Numidia, became a major urban centre, being given the rank of a Roman municipium as early as Hadrian, and of a colonia later.〔 It was sponsored by Vibia Aurelia Sabina, sister of the Emperor Commodus (late 2nd century). Calama was, with Setifis (Setif) and Hippo Regius (Annaba), one of the granaries of Rome in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Under Septimius Severus the city became one of the most prosperous in the Roman empire, with thermae and a huge theatre.〔(Calama thermae (in French) )〕 Calama became a Christian bishopric, four of whose bishops are named in extant documents: *Donatus (not to be confused with Donatus Magnus was accused in a council held in 305 of having handed over the sacred scriptures during the Decian persecution *Megalius gave episcopal ordination to Saint Augustine in 395 and died in 397 *Saint Possidius, elected in the year of Megalius's death, took an active part in the joint Conference of Carthage with Donatist bishops in 411 *Quodvultdeus was one of the Catholic bishops whom Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled.〔Pius Bonifacius Gams, (''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae'' ), Leipzig 1931, p. 464 〕〔Stefano Antonio Morcelli, (''Africa christiana'' ), Volume I, Brescia 1816, pp. 115–116〕〔H. Jaubert, (''Anciens évêchés et ruines chrétiennes de la Numidie et de la Sitifienne'' ), in ''Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine'', vol. 46, 1913, pp. 19-24〕 Possidius wrote the first biography of Augustine,〔(Saint Possidius )〕〔(Possidius, ''Life of Saint Augustine'' )〕 in which he lets it be known that he himself was one of the clergy of Augustine's monastery when he was appointed bishop of Calama.〔Chapter 12 of the Life〕 When Calama fell into the hands of the Vandal king Genseric in 429, Possidius took refuge with Augustine within the walled city of Hippo Regius.〔 He was present at Augustine's death in 430. No longer a residential bishopric, Calama is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.〔''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 855〕 The invading Vandals captured and partially destroyed Calama and defeated Count Bonifacius near the city in 431.〔 After the reconquest of North Africa by the Byzantines, Solomon (a general of Justinian I) built a fortress there between 539 and 554. Calama's population was fully Christian in the 6th and 7th century. Then came the era of the Muslim conquests and slowly Calama disappeared around the 11th century. For its further history, see the article on Guelma. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Calama (Numidia)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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